Evaluation of the Impact of External Conditions on Arm Positioning During Punches in MMA Fighters: A Comparative Analysis of 2D and 3D Methods

Result code in IS VaVaI

<a href="https://www.isvavai.cz/riv?ss=detail&h=RIV%2F00216208%3A11510%2F25%3A10498940" target="_blank" >RIV/00216208:11510/25:10498940 - isvavai.cz</a>

Result on the web

<a href="https://verso.is.cuni.cz/pub/verso.fpl?fname=obd_publikace_handle&handle=~iUeHEQQCY" target="_blank" >https://verso.is.cuni.cz/pub/verso.fpl?fname=obd_publikace_handle&handle=~iUeHEQQCY</a>

DOI - Digital Object Identifier

<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s25113270" target="_blank" >10.3390/s25113270</a>

Result language

angličtina

Original language name

Evaluation of the Impact of External Conditions on Arm Positioning During Punches in MMA Fighters: A Comparative Analysis of 2D and 3D Methods

Original language description

Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a highly dynamic combat sport that requires precise motor coordination and technical execution. Video-based motion analysis, including two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) motion capture systems, plays a critical role in optimizing movement patterns, enhancing training efficiency, and reducing injury risk. However, the comparative validity of 2D and 3D systems for evaluating punching mechanics under external stressors remains unclear. This study aimed to first validate the measurement agreement between 2D and 3D motion analyses during sagittal-plane punches, and second, to examine the impact of fatigue and balance disruption on arm kinematics and punch dynamics in elite MMA athletes. Twenty-one male MMA fighters (mean age: 24.85 +/- 7.24 years) performed standardized straight right punches (SRPs) and swing punches (SPs) under three experimental conditions: normal, balance-disrupted, and fatigued. Participants were instructed to deliver maximal-effort punches targeting a designated striking pad placed at a consistent height and distance. Each punch type was executed three times per condition. Kinematic data were collected using the my Dartfish Express(version 7.2.0) app (2D system) and MaxPRO infrared motion capture system (3D system). Statistical analyses included Pearson&apos;s correlation coefficients, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and linear mixed models (LMMs). Strong correlations (r = 0.964-0.999) and high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values (0.81-0.99) confirmed the high reliability of 2D analysis for sagittal-plane techniques. Fatigue significantly decreased punch velocity and impact force (p &lt; 0.01), while increasing joint angle variability (p &lt; 0.01). These findings highlight the complementary use of 2D and 3D motion capture methods, supporting individualized monitoring, adaptive technique evaluation, and performance optimization in combat sports.

Czech name

—

Czech description

—

Type

J_imp - Article in a specialist periodical, which is included in the Web of Science database

CEP classification

—

OECD FORD branch

30306 - Sport and fitness sciences

Project

—

Continuities

I - Institucionalni podpora na dlouhodoby koncepcni rozvoj vyzkumne organizace

Publication year

2025

Confidentiality

S - Úplné a pravdivé údaje o projektu nepodléhají ochraně podle zvláštních právních předpisů

Name of the periodical

Sensors

ISSN

1424-8220

e-ISSN

1424-8220

Volume of the periodical

25

Issue of the periodical within the volume

11

Country of publishing house

CH - SWITZERLAND

Number of pages

21

Pages from-to

3270

UT code for WoS article

001506768800001

EID of the result in the Scopus database

2-s2.0-105007838341