Impact of immunodeficiencies on immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination, and their combination in children and young adults

Result code in IS VaVaI

<a href="https://www.isvavai.cz/riv?ss=detail&h=RIV%2F00216224%3A14310%2F25%3A00142520" target="_blank" >RIV/00216224:14310/25:00142520 - isvavai.cz</a>

Result on the web

<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1661282" target="_blank" >https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1661282</a>

DOI - Digital Object Identifier

<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1661282" target="_blank" >10.3389/fimmu.2025.1661282</a>

Result language

angličtina

Original language name

Impact of immunodeficiencies on immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection, mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination, and their combination in children and young adults

Original language description

Current understanding of how immunodeficiencies impact protective responses against viral infections and vaccination is primarily derived from adult cohorts that may not accurately reflect the pediatric, adolescent, and young adult population. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate immune responses in this underrepresented population affected by various immunodeficiencies after SARS-CoV-2 infection, two doses of the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine, or after a combination of both. We analyzed blood samples from 102 immunocompromised patients (IC) (5–25 years) categorized into groups of primary immunodeficiencies (PID, n=17), bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis (BA-AR, n=39), rheumatoid diseases (RD, n=21), and individuals who had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT, n=28), as well as 30 healthy individuals (9–26 years). We measured titres of Spike-specific IgM, IgA, and IgG antibody classes (including IgG subclasses) in plasma using ELISA and evaluated their inhibitory potential in a Spike-ACE2 cell-based internalization assay. Spike-specific CD4 T-cells were examined using a flow cytometry-based proliferation assay (FASCIA). In the IC group, all participants except eight generated detectable levels of IgG antibodies. The IgG titres induced by vaccination (Geometric mean titre (GMTvac) = 205023, 95% CI: 116074-362136) and a combination of vaccination and infection (GMThyb = 172819, 95% CI: 33133-901403) were higher than after infection (GMTinf = 3323, 95% CI: 578-19109, Pvac/inf = .006 and Phyb/inf = .001). On the other hand, the hybrid immunity induced the highest IgA titres (GMThyb = 2672, 95% CI: 566-12623) compared to vaccination (GMPvac = 275, 95% CI: 97-777, Phyb/vac = .016) and infection (GMTinf = 60, 95% CI: 13-280, Phyb/inf = .002). The IgG titres in vaccinated and hybrid immunity groups strongly correlated (rSpearman = 0.86, P &lt;.0001) with the levels of antibodies inhibiting the internalization of Spike protein (S protein) in a cell-based assay. Most IC patients (except five) also developed above-threshold Spike-specific CD4 T-cell responses, which were not statistically different from the responses in the healthy control group. Our data show that infection and vaccination can induce protective humoral or cellular responses against SARS-CoV-2 in IC patients. The activated cellular response in patients with agammaglobulinemia may assist them in overcoming viral infections.

Czech name

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Czech description

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Type

J_imp - Article in a specialist periodical, which is included in the Web of Science database

CEP classification

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OECD FORD branch

30102 - Immunology

Project

—

Continuities

I - Institucionalni podpora na dlouhodoby koncepcni rozvoj vyzkumne organizace

Publication year

2025

Confidentiality

S - Úplné a pravdivé údaje o projektu nepodléhají ochraně podle zvláštních právních předpisů

Name of the periodical

Frontiers in Immunology

ISSN

1664-3224

e-ISSN

1664-3224

Volume of the periodical

16

Issue of the periodical within the volume

November

Country of publishing house

CH - SWITZERLAND

Number of pages

14

Pages from-to

1661282

UT code for WoS article

001620438200001

EID of the result in the Scopus database

2-s2.0-105022598276