Assessment of KCl Inhibition Efficiency in Water-Based Drilling Fluids: A Formation-Responsive Approach for Shale StabilityArticle link copied!
The result's identifiers
Result code in IS VaVaI
<a href="https://www.isvavai.cz/riv?ss=detail&h=RIV%2F61989592%3A15310%2F25%3A73633728" target="_blank" >RIV/61989592:15310/25:73633728 - isvavai.cz</a>
Result on the web
<a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c03075" target="_blank" >https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c03075</a>
DOI - Digital Object Identifier
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5c03075" target="_blank" >10.1021/acs.iecr.5c03075</a>
Alternative languages
Result language
angličtina
Original language name
Assessment of KCl Inhibition Efficiency in Water-Based Drilling Fluids: A Formation-Responsive Approach for Shale StabilityArticle link copied!
Original language description
Drilling activity in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is challenging because of the swelling behavior, dispersion of particles, and mechanical breakdown of shale, which is subjected to exposure to common water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs). This research examines the role of KCl-based inhibitive-WBDFs through the Gercus, Sarmord, Chia gara, Garagus, Naokelekan (CG-G-N), and Baluti Formations. Inhibitive-WBDFs were developed by mixing several additives in deionized water (DW) along with 1 and 2 wt % KCl, which were subjected to rheological testing, linear swelling measurements (LSM), hot-rolling dispersion, filtrations, and bulk hardness. The results demonstrate that the fluid loss of the drilling fluid containing 2 wt % KCl (WBDF-KCl-2%) used with the Baluti Formation is the lowest compared with other drilling fluids, which are 4.8 and 9 mL for the LPLT and HPHT, respectively. Meanwhile, the Sarmord Formation exhibited the highest filtration rates of 8.5 and 15.9 mL at LPLT and HPHT conditions, respectively. The Gercus Formation, which mostly contains smectite and palygorskite along with a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 6.5 mequiv/100 g, produced severe swelling of 6.23–6.45% LSM and low bulk hardness of 130–140 psi. Meanwhile, the Baluti Formation, containing the vermiculite and glauconitic clay types with a CEC of 1.75 mequiv/100 g, exhibited the lowest shale swelling rate of 0.16%, 91.51% recovery, and 250 psi bulk hardness when exposed to WBDF-KCl-1%. These results demonstrate that the optimum inhibition depends on fluid formulation, shale mineralogy, and CEC. Although KCl at a low concentration of 1–2 wt% was highly effective in minimizing shale swelling, its role was not universal for all study formations. Thus, it can be stated that the formation response to KCl-based WBDFs affects the inhibition efficiency for swelling prevention, which strongly depends on mineralogy and CEC.
Czech name
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Czech description
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Classification
Type
J<sub>imp</sub> - Article in a specialist periodical, which is included in the Web of Science database
CEP classification
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OECD FORD branch
20401 - Chemical engineering (plants, products)
Result continuities
Project
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Continuities
I - Institucionalni podpora na dlouhodoby koncepcni rozvoj vyzkumne organizace
Others
Publication year
2025
Confidentiality
S - Úplné a pravdivé údaje o projektu nepodléhají ochraně podle zvláštních právních předpisů
Data specific for result type
Name of the periodical
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
ISSN
0888-5885
e-ISSN
1520-5045
Volume of the periodical
64
Issue of the periodical within the volume
45
Country of publishing house
US - UNITED STATES
Number of pages
17
Pages from-to
21523-21539
UT code for WoS article
001604097500001
EID of the result in the Scopus database
2-s2.0-105021368606