Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Result code in IS VaVaI

<a href="https://www.isvavai.cz/riv?ss=detail&h=RIV%2F68407700%3A21460%2F24%3A00375153" target="_blank" >RIV/68407700:21460/24:00375153 - isvavai.cz</a>

Result on the web

<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4" target="_blank" >https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4</a>

DOI - Digital Object Identifier

<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4" target="_blank" >10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4</a>

Result language

angličtina

Original language name

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Original language description

Background: Understanding the health impacts of exposure to risk factors is essential for public health policy. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and disease burden for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations from 1990 to 2021. Methods: Using data from 54,561 sources, the GBD 2021 produced estimates for 88 risk factors and 631 risk–outcome pairs. Estimates were made at global, regional, and national levels following the comparative risk assessment framework. Relative risks (RRs) and summary exposure values (SEVs) were calculated, and population attributable fractions (PAFs) determined the proportion of disease burden attributable to each risk factor. Adjustments for mediation were made, and burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. Burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods provided conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations. Estimates represented mean values across 500 draws with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings: Particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021 (8.0% of total DALYs), followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP), smoking, low birthweight and short gestation, and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG). For younger demographics, risks included low birthweight and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH). For older groups, metabolic risks like high SBP, high BMI, high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, DALYs attributable to behavioral and environmental risks decreased, while DALYs due to metabolic risks increased significantly, reflecting aging populations and changing lifestyles. Age-standardized global DALY rates for high BMI and high FPG rose considerably. Interpretation: Significant progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden from various risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Efforts to reduce these risk factors, especially in low SDI areas, must continue. The reduction in smoking-related burden underscores the need for policies to reduce exposure to other major risks like air pollution and high SBP. The rise in high FPG, high BMI, and related risks requires urgent intervention.

Czech name

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Czech description

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Type

J_imp - Article in a specialist periodical, which is included in the Web of Science database

CEP classification

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OECD FORD branch

30302 - Epidemiology

Project

—

Continuities

I - Institucionalni podpora na dlouhodoby koncepcni rozvoj vyzkumne organizace

Publication year

2024

Confidentiality

S - Úplné a pravdivé údaje o projektu nepodléhají ochraně podle zvláštních právních předpisů

Name of the periodical

The Lancet

ISSN

0140-6736

e-ISSN

1474-547X

Volume of the periodical

403

Issue of the periodical within the volume

10440

Country of publishing house

US - UNITED STATES

Number of pages

42

Pages from-to

2162-2203

UT code for WoS article

001270483200001

EID of the result in the Scopus database

2-s2.0-85192940010