Kolektivizace venkova v Horním Polabí. Od fenoménů k aktérům a jejich motivacím

Kód výsledku v IS VaVaI

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Výsledek na webu

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DOI - Digital Object Identifier

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Jazyk výsledku

čeština

Název v původním jazyce

Kolektivizace venkova v Horním Polabí. Od fenoménů k aktérům a jejich motivacím

Popis výsledku v původním jazyce

Autor zpracovává téma kolektivizace v regionálním rozměru horního Polabí, v prostoru mezi Hradcem Králové a Krkonošemi. Nahlíží jej z mikrohistorické perspektivy, zajímá se především o aktéry a jejich motivace. Analyzuje, jakým způsobem byla myšlenka kolektivního obdělávání půdy v letech 1945–1953 ve společnosti přijímána, jaké reakce kolektivizační úsilí vyvolávalo, jaké pohnutky, motivace a okolnosti rozhodování stály za těmito reakcemi a jaké sociální souvislosti, vazby, vztahy a vzorce chování se skrývaly za konkrétním jednáním aktérů. Autor představuje pestrou mozaiku různých přístupů k myšlence kolektivního hospodaření, od níž odvozuje zaměření na fenomény odporu, dobrovolnosti a spolupráce. Jejich sledování člení knihu do tří hlavních oddílů. Ve zhruba sedmdesátikilometrovém úseku, který řeka Labe na svém horním toku překonává, uvádí čtenáře nejprve na Vrchlabsko, kde na jižním úpatí Krkonoš sleduje nově utvářenou vesnickou komunitu, analyzuje vztahy a konflikty mezi jednotlivými skupinami přistěhovalců, objasňuje pasivní i aktivní odpor osídlenců vůči kolektivizaci a zamýšlí se nad limity jejich rezistence. Naopak na tradičně agrárním Královéhradecku přivádí čtenáře do prostředí zemědělské komunity usedlé v úrodné nížině Východolabské tabule, kde sleduje přirozené prosazení myšlenky kolektivního hospodaření, objasňuje místní družstevní dispozice i ekonomické zázemí a zamýšlí se nad kořeny úspěchu zdejšího zemědělského výrobního družstva. Úspěchu, který přilákal pozornost stranických aktivistů a inicioval návštěvu prezidenta Antonína Zápotockého. Zároveň poukazuje na ironický fakt, že projev, na který se po celém Československu odvolávali nespokojení rolníci prchající z JZD, v nichž se ocitli zcela nedobrovolně, byl prosloven právě v místě, kde se myšlenka kolektivního obhospodařování půdy realizovala zcela dobrovolně. Severní a jižní okraj horního Polabí propojují svým působením lidé, kteří se stali tajnými spolupracovníky Státní bezpečnosti. Autor uvádí čtenáře do problematiky budování sítě konfidentů při prosazování kolektivizace, při potírání odporu proti zakládání JZD, přibližuje praxi řízených provokací a manipulací v prostředí venkovských obcí, výkupního aparátu i vyšetřovacích věznic. Značný prostor je v publikaci věnován analýze řady konkrétních životních situací, při níž se autor citlivě zamýšlí nad sociálním zázemím, okolnostmi jednání a rozhodování, motivacemi, mírou aktivity i výsledky spolupráce aktérů, jejichž úloha a činnost jednotlivé příběhy a kapitoly vzájemně propojuje.

Název v anglickém jazyce

Collectivisation in rural areas of the Upper Elbe: from phenomena to actors and their motivations

Popis výsledku anglicky

The author elaborates the topic of collectivisation of the countryside in the regional context of the Upper Elbe region. In response to the basic question of social reception, the author’s research focuses on the phenomenon of resistance, the phenomenon of collaboration and the phenomenon of voluntariness. The author discusses the topic from the socio-historical perspective of social structures and from the micro-historical perspective. Addressing the issues of the research, the author progresses from the phenomena through their expression to actors and their motivations. In the period of 1949–1953, the author analyzes how the idea of collectivisation was perceived in society, what reactions the collectivisation effort provoked, what motives, motivation and circumstances were behind these reactions and what social context, ties and relationships were concealed behind the particular behaviour of the members of village society, of the actors involved in the phenomena examined. The selection of the largest Czech river as the axis of the chosen region is, naturally, not accidental. Following the line of the upper course of the Elbe offers a wide range of different local conditions across the areas, and enables the examination of the process of collectivisation in geographically diverse regions (from the foothills of the Giant Mountains to the fertile agricultural plains), as well as in socio-professionally and socio-politically distinct conditions (newly resettled border areas, traditional farming settlements, the surroundings of industrial towns). The chapter The Phenomenon of Resistance is concerned with aspects of resistance against the collectivisation drive. Despite pressure from local and district authorities, a sizeable number of local peasants, small and middle-sized, decided to protect their land, property and the guarantee of private farming given by the Constitution. The methods and ways they used were very varied. The author monitors the process of collectivisation and the resistance it provoked from the micro historical perspective in the village community of Dolní Lánov situated in the former district of Vrchlabí in Northeastern Bohemia. Until 1945 the populace was composed exclusively of German nationals and their removal was completed in November 1946. During the subsequent settlement, groups of people moved there from neighbouring districts, but also from Slovakia and Volhynia. Here the author points to the diversity of forms of resistance to collectivisation, shows its passive and active forms, its spontaneous and planned nature and examines its actors and their motivations. To prevent the seizure of their property, the local peasants first agreed that they would set up, as a smokescreen, a collective farm preparatory committee. Later they decided to write several threatening letters. The turning point from passive to active resistance can be seen in 1952, soon after a newly appointed local secretary began pushing a collectivisation drive in the village. For local malcontents this was an impulse to intimidate the most active local Communists. As new residents arriving in the borderland, they had expected an improvement in their living standards. That may have led them to resist even more strongly the collectivisation that deprived them of the property and position they had acquired. The feigned foundation of a collective farm and threatening letters and armed intimidation of collective farm and Communist party functionaries are testament to this. The chapter The Phenomenon of Voluntariness focuses on the village community of Stěžery situated in the lowlands of the Eastern Elbe plain, 5 km from the regional capital of Hradec Králové. It was a village with very fertile farmland and a large community of local farm workers and small land holders who commuted to work in the city or had jobs at the local brickyard, while also tending to small fields and livestock on the side. Shortly after World War II they initiated the cooperative form of farming on a nationalized residual estate. The author explains their motivation first by outlining the long cooperative tradition and rich experience dating back before the World War I; second by referring to the historical experience shaped by wage agricultural work on the Harrach estate; and finally by highlighting the strong position of the local Communist organization, which had operated in the village since 1921 and represented a traditional support network for the underprivileged. The local agricultural production cooperative for joint land management had very good economic results. Its members could see the launching of collectivisation and the establishment of the first collective farms as a development they were significantly ahead of. However, in 1952 the Central Committee of the Communist Party decided to transform their cooperative into a collective farm. This brought about a lack of initiative among the members and demotivation with regard to work. Here, too, there is confirmation that social support for the idea of collectivisation mostly faded at the very moment the village felt collectivisation pressure from above. There is also an irony in the fact that a speech by president Zápotocký to which disgruntled peasants fleeing from the JZDs later appealed was made in Stěžery, where the idea of collective land management had originally been implemented on a voluntary basis. In this regard the Stěžery speech also resonated in Dolní Lánov. The chapter The Phenomenon of Cooperation is focused on the construction of a network of secret collaborators of the State Security through a biographical survey of selected representatives – teacher Karel Liesler from Prague, agronomist Bedřich Hrdlička of Trubín and dairy officer Josef Čermák of Sekeřice. They were linked by entries in the registry of the State Security, but their background, motives for cooperation and level of activity varied significantly. They came from different regions and from different social strata. Each had different motivations for cooperation, as well as expectations. The character of their cooperation was fundamentally marked by the environment in which they worked. They apparently never met or even saw each other. However, their activities for the State Security were mutually supportive. The author traces their life stories, outlining the contemporary context and the circumstances of their actions and decisions to reflect various aspects of their cooperation with the State Security. Through their activities the author also analyzes the operations of the State Security in enforcing collectivisation and in eliminating resistance to the establishment of collective farms. This also includes illegal methods of provocation and the cruel methods of investigation often resulted in political trials and subsequent long-term imprisonment. In this respect, the role of secret collaborators Karel Liesler and Bedřich Hrdlička became indispensable for the investigative and operative department of the State Security in Hradec Králové; their results were highly valued, and their findings significantly influenced the work of both departments. In contrast, the activity of secret collaborator Josef Čermák did not fill the expectations of the State Security in Nový Bydžov. Very soon he began boycotting meetings and reporting, which led to the formal termination of cooperation. Through its secret agents the State Security also succeeded in exposing the originators of resistance activities in Dolní Lánov. However, Liesler’s and Hrdlička’s agency actions overlapped and impacted each other in many other places. Examining the fundamental issues of voluntariness, resistance and cooperation as factors in the adoption and enforcement of the idea of collective land management, the author tries to analyze various attitudes that the process of collectivisation in the Upper Elbe rural areas evoked and caused. The author tries to capture the essential features of the regime and regional being in this mode, while examining specific reactions and impacts and portraying concrete actors and their motivations. With regard to the prevailing orientation of Czech historiography, the author believes that the chosen focus may also contribute to a debate on the fundamental issues of research on rural society in terms of collectivisation.

Druh

B - Odborná kniha

CEP obor

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OECD FORD obor

60101 - History (history of science and technology to be 6.3, history of specific sciences to be under the respective headings)

Projekt

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Návaznosti

V - Vyzkumna aktivita podporovana z jinych verejnych zdroju

Rok uplatnění

2017

Kód důvěrnosti údajů

S - Úplné a pravdivé údaje o projektu nepodléhají ochraně podle zvláštních právních předpisů

ISBN

978-80-246-3615-3

Počet stran knihy

348

Název nakladatele

Karolinum - Ústav pro studium totalitních režimů

Místo vydání

Praha

Kód UT WoS knihy

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