Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the alpha-Gal Syndrome

Kód výsledku v IS VaVaI

<a href="https://www.isvavai.cz/riv?ss=detail&h=RIV%2F60077344%3A_____%2F19%3A00518833" target="_blank" >RIV/60077344:_____/19:00518833 - isvavai.cz</a>

Výsledek na webu

<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01210/full" target="_blank" >https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01210/full</a>

DOI - Digital Object Identifier

<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.01210" target="_blank" >10.3389/fimmu.2019.01210</a>

Jazyk výsledku

angličtina

Název v původním jazyce

Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the alpha-Gal Syndrome

Popis výsledku v původním jazyce

The alpha-Gal syndrome (AGS) is a type of allergy characterized by an IgE antibody (Ab) response against the carbohydrate Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R (alpha-Gal), which is present in glycoproteins from tick saliva and tissues of non-catarrhine mammals. Recurrent tick bites induce high levels of anti-alpha-Gal IgE Abs that mediate delayed hypersensitivity to consumed red meat products in humans. This was the first evidence that tick glycoproteins play a major role in allergy development with the potential to cause fatal delayed anaphylaxis to alpha-Gal-containing foods and drugs and immediate anaphylaxis to tick bites. Initially, it was thought that the origin of tick-derived alpha-Gal was either residual blood meal mammalian glycoproteins containing alpha-Gal or tick gut bacteria producing this glycan. However, recently tick galactosyltransferases were shown to be involved in alpha-Gal synthesis with a role in tick and tick-borne pathogen life cycles. The tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum increases the level of tick alpha-Gal, which potentially increases the risk of developing AGS after a bite by a pathogen-infected tick. Two mechanisms might explain the production of anti-alpha-Gal IgE Abs after tick bites. The first mechanism proposes that the alpha-Gal antigen on tick salivary proteins is presented to antigen-presenting cells and B-lymphocytes in the context of Th2 cell-mediated immunity induced by tick saliva. The second mechanism is based on the possibility that tick salivary prostaglandin E2 triggers Immunoglobulin class switching to anti-alpha-Gal IgE-producing B cells from preexisting mature B cells clones producing anti-alpha-Gal IgM and/or IgG. Importantly, blood group antigens influence the capacity of the immune system to produce anti-alpha-Gal Abs which in turn impacts individual susceptibility to AGS. The presence of blood type B reduces the capacity of the immune system to produce anti-alpha-Gal Abs, presumably due to tolerance to alpha-Gal, which is very similar in structure to blood group B antigen. Therefore, individuals with blood group B and reduced levels of anti-alpha-Gal Abs have lower risk to develop AGS. Specific immunity to tick alpha-Gal is linked to host immunity to tick bites. Basophil activation and release of histamine have been implicated in IgE-mediated acquired protective immunity to tick infestations and chronic itch. Basophil reactivity was also found to be higher in patients with AGS when compared to asymptomatic alpha-Gal sensitized individuals. In addition, host resistance to tick infestation is associated with resistance to tick-borne pathogen infection. Anti-alpha-Gal IgM and IgG Abs protect humans against vector-borne pathogens and blood group B individuals seem to be more susceptible to vector-borne diseases. The link between blood groups and anti-alpha-Gal immunity which in turn affects resistance to vector-borne pathogens and susceptibility to AGS, suggests a trade-off between susceptibility to AGS and protection to some infectious diseases. The understanding of the environmental and molecular drivers of the immune mechanisms involved in AGS is essential to developing tools for the diagnosis, control, and prevention of this growing health problem.

Název v anglickém jazyce

Environmental and Molecular Drivers of the alpha-Gal Syndrome

Popis výsledku anglicky

The alpha-Gal syndrome (AGS) is a type of allergy characterized by an IgE antibody (Ab) response against the carbohydrate Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R (alpha-Gal), which is present in glycoproteins from tick saliva and tissues of non-catarrhine mammals. Recurrent tick bites induce high levels of anti-alpha-Gal IgE Abs that mediate delayed hypersensitivity to consumed red meat products in humans. This was the first evidence that tick glycoproteins play a major role in allergy development with the potential to cause fatal delayed anaphylaxis to alpha-Gal-containing foods and drugs and immediate anaphylaxis to tick bites. Initially, it was thought that the origin of tick-derived alpha-Gal was either residual blood meal mammalian glycoproteins containing alpha-Gal or tick gut bacteria producing this glycan. However, recently tick galactosyltransferases were shown to be involved in alpha-Gal synthesis with a role in tick and tick-borne pathogen life cycles. The tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum increases the level of tick alpha-Gal, which potentially increases the risk of developing AGS after a bite by a pathogen-infected tick. Two mechanisms might explain the production of anti-alpha-Gal IgE Abs after tick bites. The first mechanism proposes that the alpha-Gal antigen on tick salivary proteins is presented to antigen-presenting cells and B-lymphocytes in the context of Th2 cell-mediated immunity induced by tick saliva. The second mechanism is based on the possibility that tick salivary prostaglandin E2 triggers Immunoglobulin class switching to anti-alpha-Gal IgE-producing B cells from preexisting mature B cells clones producing anti-alpha-Gal IgM and/or IgG. Importantly, blood group antigens influence the capacity of the immune system to produce anti-alpha-Gal Abs which in turn impacts individual susceptibility to AGS. The presence of blood type B reduces the capacity of the immune system to produce anti-alpha-Gal Abs, presumably due to tolerance to alpha-Gal, which is very similar in structure to blood group B antigen. Therefore, individuals with blood group B and reduced levels of anti-alpha-Gal Abs have lower risk to develop AGS. Specific immunity to tick alpha-Gal is linked to host immunity to tick bites. Basophil activation and release of histamine have been implicated in IgE-mediated acquired protective immunity to tick infestations and chronic itch. Basophil reactivity was also found to be higher in patients with AGS when compared to asymptomatic alpha-Gal sensitized individuals. In addition, host resistance to tick infestation is associated with resistance to tick-borne pathogen infection. Anti-alpha-Gal IgM and IgG Abs protect humans against vector-borne pathogens and blood group B individuals seem to be more susceptible to vector-borne diseases. The link between blood groups and anti-alpha-Gal immunity which in turn affects resistance to vector-borne pathogens and susceptibility to AGS, suggests a trade-off between susceptibility to AGS and protection to some infectious diseases. The understanding of the environmental and molecular drivers of the immune mechanisms involved in AGS is essential to developing tools for the diagnosis, control, and prevention of this growing health problem.

Druh

J_imp - Článek v periodiku v databázi Web of Science

CEP obor

—

OECD FORD obor

30102 - Immunology

Projekt

—

Návaznosti

I - Institucionalni podpora na dlouhodoby koncepcni rozvoj vyzkumne organizace

Rok uplatnění

2019

Kód důvěrnosti údajů

S - Úplné a pravdivé údaje o projektu nepodléhají ochraně podle zvláštních právních předpisů

Název periodika

Frontiers in Immunology

ISSN

1664-3224

e-ISSN

—

Svazek periodika

10

Číslo periodika v rámci svazku

MAY 31 2019

Stát vydavatele periodika

CH - Švýcarská konfederace

Počet stran výsledku

12

Strana od-do

1210

Kód UT WoS článku

000470174300002

EID výsledku v databázi Scopus

2-s2.0-85068454087