Microscopic structure of swollen hydrogels by scanning electron and light microscopies: artifacts and reality

Kód výsledku v IS VaVaI

<a href="https://www.isvavai.cz/riv?ss=detail&h=RIV%2F61389013%3A_____%2F20%3A00523883" target="_blank" >RIV/61389013:_____/20:00523883 - isvavai.cz</a>

Výsledek na webu

<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/3/578" target="_blank" >https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/12/3/578</a>

DOI - Digital Object Identifier

<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030578" target="_blank" >10.3390/polym12030578</a>

Jazyk výsledku

angličtina

Název v původním jazyce

Microscopic structure of swollen hydrogels by scanning electron and light microscopies: artifacts and reality

Popis výsledku v původním jazyce

The exact knowledge of hydrogel microstructure, mainly its pore topology, is a key issue in hydrogel engineering. For visualization of the swollen hydrogels, the cryogenic or high vacuum scanning electron microscopies (cryo-SEM or HVSEM) are frequently used while the possibility of artifact-biased images is frequently underestimated. The major cause of artifacts is the formation of ice crystals upon freezing of the hydrated gel. Some porous hydrogels can be visualized with SEM without the danger of artifacts because the growing crystals are accommodated within already existing primary pores of the gel. In some non-porous hydrogels the secondary pores will also not be formed due to rigid network structure of gels that counteracts the crystal nucleation and growth. We have tested the limits of true reproduction of the hydrogel morphology imposed by the swelling degree and mechanical strength of gels by investigating a series of methacrylate hydrogels made by crosslinking polymerization of glycerol monomethacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate including their interpenetrating networks. The hydrogel morphology was studied using cryo-SEM, HVSEM, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and classical wide-field light microscopy (LM). The cryo-SEM and HVSEM yielded artifact-free micrographs for limited range of non-porous hydrogels and for macroporous gels. A true non-porous structure was observed free of artifacts only for hydrogels exhibiting relatively low swelling and high elastic modulus above 0.5 MPa, whereas for highly swollen and/or mechanically weak hydrogels the cryo-SEM/HVSEM experiments resulted in secondary porosity. In this contribution we present several cases of severe artifact formation in PHEMA and PGMA hydrogels during their visualization by cryo-SEM and HVSEM. We also put forward empirical correlation between hydrogel morphological and mechanical parameters and the occurrence and intensity of artifacts

Název v anglickém jazyce

Microscopic structure of swollen hydrogels by scanning electron and light microscopies: artifacts and reality

Popis výsledku anglicky

The exact knowledge of hydrogel microstructure, mainly its pore topology, is a key issue in hydrogel engineering. For visualization of the swollen hydrogels, the cryogenic or high vacuum scanning electron microscopies (cryo-SEM or HVSEM) are frequently used while the possibility of artifact-biased images is frequently underestimated. The major cause of artifacts is the formation of ice crystals upon freezing of the hydrated gel. Some porous hydrogels can be visualized with SEM without the danger of artifacts because the growing crystals are accommodated within already existing primary pores of the gel. In some non-porous hydrogels the secondary pores will also not be formed due to rigid network structure of gels that counteracts the crystal nucleation and growth. We have tested the limits of true reproduction of the hydrogel morphology imposed by the swelling degree and mechanical strength of gels by investigating a series of methacrylate hydrogels made by crosslinking polymerization of glycerol monomethacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate including their interpenetrating networks. The hydrogel morphology was studied using cryo-SEM, HVSEM, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and classical wide-field light microscopy (LM). The cryo-SEM and HVSEM yielded artifact-free micrographs for limited range of non-porous hydrogels and for macroporous gels. A true non-porous structure was observed free of artifacts only for hydrogels exhibiting relatively low swelling and high elastic modulus above 0.5 MPa, whereas for highly swollen and/or mechanically weak hydrogels the cryo-SEM/HVSEM experiments resulted in secondary porosity. In this contribution we present several cases of severe artifact formation in PHEMA and PGMA hydrogels during their visualization by cryo-SEM and HVSEM. We also put forward empirical correlation between hydrogel morphological and mechanical parameters and the occurrence and intensity of artifacts

Druh

J_imp - Článek v periodiku v databázi Web of Science

CEP obor

—

OECD FORD obor

10404 - Polymer science

Projekt

Výsledek vznikl pri realizaci vícero projektů. Více informací v záložce Projekty.

Návaznosti

I - Institucionalni podpora na dlouhodoby koncepcni rozvoj vyzkumne organizace

Rok uplatnění

2020

Kód důvěrnosti údajů

S - Úplné a pravdivé údaje o projektu nepodléhají ochraně podle zvláštních právních předpisů

Název periodika

Polymers

ISSN

2073-4360

e-ISSN

—

Svazek periodika

12

Číslo periodika v rámci svazku

3

Stát vydavatele periodika

CH - Švýcarská konfederace

Počet stran výsledku

18

Strana od-do

1-18

Kód UT WoS článku

000525952000077

EID výsledku v databázi Scopus

2-s2.0-85082652432